# Data Types¶

The statsd server supports a number of different data types, and performs different aggregation on each of them. The three main types are counters, timers, and gauges.

The statsd server collects and aggregates in 30 second intervals before flushing to Graphite. Graphite usually stores the most recent data in 1-minute averaged buckets, so when you’re looking at a graph, for each stat you are typically seeing the average value over that minute.

## Counters¶

Counters are the most basic and default type. They are treated as a count of a type of event per second, and are, in Graphite, typically averaged over one minute. That is, when looking at a graph, you are usually seeing the average number of events per second during a one-minute period.

The statsd server collects counters under the stats prefix.

Counters are managed with the StatsClient.incr() and StatsClient.decr() methods:

from statsd import StatsClient

statsd = StatsClient()

statsd.incr('some.event')


You can increment a counter by more than one by passing a second parameter:

statsd.incr('some.other.event', 10)


You can also use the rate parameter to produce sampled data. The statsd server will take the sample rate into account, and the StatsClient will only send data rate percent of the time. This can help the statsd server stay responsive with extremely busy applications.

rate is a float between 0 and 1:

# Increment this counter 10% of the time.
statsd.incr('some.third.event', rate=0.1)


Because the statsd server is aware of the sampling, it will still show you the true average rate per second.

You can also decrement counters. The StatsClient.decr() method takes the same arguments as incr:

statsd.decr('some.other.event')
# Decrease the counter by 5, 15% sample.
statsd.decr('some.third.event', 5, rate=0.15)


## Timers¶

Timers are meant to track how long something took. They are an invaluable tool for tracking application performance.

The statsd server collects all timers under the stats.timers prefix, and will calculate the lower bound, mean, 90th percentile, upper bound, and count of each timer for each period (by the time you see it in Graphite, that’s usually per minute).

• The lower bound is the lowest value statsd saw for that stat during that time period.
• The mean is the average of all values statsd saw for that stat during that time period.
• The 90th percentile is a value x such that 90% of all the values statsd saw for that stat during that time period are below x, and 10% are above. This is a great number to try to optimize.
• The upper bound is the highest value statsd saw for that stat during that time period.
• The count is the number of timings statsd saw for that stat during that time period. It is not averaged.

The statsd server only operates in millisecond timings. Everything should be converted to milliseconds.

The rate parameter will sample the data being sent to the statsd server, but in this case it doesn’t make sense for the statsd server to take it into account (except possibly for the count value, but then it would be lying about how much data it averaged).

See the timing documentation for more detail on using timers with Statsd.

## Gauges¶

Gauges are a constant data type. They are not subject to averaging, and they don’t change unless you change them. That is, once you set a gauge value, it will be a flat line on the graph until you change it again.

Gauges are useful for things that are already averaged, or don’t need to reset periodically. System load, for example, could be graphed with a gauge. You might use StatsClient.incr() to count the number of logins to a system, but a gauge to track how many active WebSocket connections you have.

The statsd server collects gauges under the stats.gauges prefix.

The StatsClient.gauge() method also support the rate parameter to sample data back to the statsd server, but use it with care, especially with gauges that may not be updated very often.

### Gauge Deltas¶

Gauges may be updated (as opposed to set) by setting the delta keyword argument to True. For example:

statsd.gauge('foo', 70)  # Set the 'foo' gauge to 70.
statsd.gauge('foo', 1, delta=True)  # Set 'foo' to 71.
statsd.gauge('foo', -3, delta=True)  # Set 'foo' to 68.


Note

Support for gauge deltas was added to the server in 0.6.0.

## Sets¶

Sets count the number of unique values passed to a key.

For example, you could count the number of users accessing your system using:

statsd.set('users', userid)


If StatsClient.set() is called multiple times with the same userid in the same sample period, that userid will only be counted once.